Ontology of Narratives of the Middle Ages

Release 2020-11-23

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http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology/1.5
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1.5
Authors:
Miriam Landkammer, (University of Salzburg)
Peter Hinkelmanns, (University of Salzburg)
Manuel Schwembacher, (University of Salzburg)
Katharina Zeppezauer-Wachauer, (University of Salzburg)
Isabella Nicka, (University of Salzburg)
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Landkammer, Miriam; Hinkelmanns, Peter; Schwembacher, Manuel; Zeppezauer-Wachauer, Katharina; Nicka, Isabella (2020): ONAMA. Ontology of Narratives of the Middle Ages. Version 1.5. University of Salzburg. Salzburg. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4285987, updated on 2020-11-23.
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ONAMA Ontology Version 1.5

Abstract

ONAMA – Ontology of Narratives of the Middle Ages enables the systematic comparison of the structures and building blocks of many narratives in medieval literature and images.

Introduction

This ontology provides a model for a cross-media description of actions, actors, settings and temporal structures. In addition to the constituting basic elements of transmedial narrative nuclei, these descriptions record the respective textual and pictorial realizations in detail. They thus go beyond the plot of a story or picture cycle. ONAMA allows to identify patterns and peculiarities in the construction of narratives, which can then be examined for their underlying causes and functions.

ONAMA enables to annotate image and text sources in a way that the generated data provide information about the emergence and transmission of narrative nuclei, figure constellations, patterns of actions, etc. in the respective medium and in cross-media synopses.

The ONAMA ontology was developed in the course of the project ONAMA - Ontology of Narratives of the Middle Ages, which is carried out as an interdisciplinary cooperation between the Middle High German Conceptual Database (MHDBDB) and the Institute for Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture (IMAREAL), both of which are affiliated to the Interdisciplinary Center for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (IZMF) at the University of Salzburg. The project is funded by the go!digital programme of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
onama<http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#>
owl<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl>
xsd<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema>
rdfs<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema>
core<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core>
rdf<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns>
terms<http://purl.org/dc/terms>
cidoc-crm<http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm>
vann<http://purl.org/vocab/vann>
foaf<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1>
dc<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1>

Overview

Purpose

ONAMA – Ontology of Narratives of the Middle Ages – allows for a systematic comparison of the structures and building blocks of narratives in literature and images. With the model, the narrative strategies of images and texts can be annotated, thus creating a basis for their subsequent analysis. Designed for the in-depth recording and publishing of medieval narratives on the Semantic Web, ONAMA can also be adapted to literary or pictorial narratives from other periods.

Model Overview

An ONAMA narrative is defined as a single activity, an event, a change of state. This core element of ONAMA is recorded either as an abstract, transmedial concept or as a realisation of a concept in a concrete text or visual work of art. Every narative is based on an action. Actors, objects, places and temporal entities are connected to narratives via hierarchically layered semantic roles. Semantic roles are a concept from linguistics; they suggest what function an entity has in a narrative. In addition, entities can be assigned general or temporary entity functions (such as hero, opponent, talisman). On the level of narrative realisations, chronological orders are specified. In contrast, narrative concepts are set into meronymic relations via properties broader and narrower. ONAMA imports several entities from the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It provides properties to associate identifiers from Wikidata, GND and ICONCLASS to the individual entities created by the annotators.

This ontology has the following classes and properties:

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Description

The diagram shows the meronymic relations between concepts as well as the chronological order which is indicated on the level of realisations. Especially in the recording of pictorial narratives, a means of weighting narratives must be introduced: subplots, for example additional scenes shown in the background of a picture, are indexed using the edges has supplementary concept and realises as supplementary narrative.

Using the example of a narrative from medieval adaptations of the Trojan war, the diagram shows how concepts and realisations are recorded with ONAMA. The visual realisation from Codex 2773 in the collection of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library) is found in the database REALonline at number 006455.

Actors or things can take on narrative functions that apply generally or only in a specific situation. Entity functions are therefore either directly attached to an actor/thing or to the semantic role node that lies between a narrative and an actor/thing taking part in the narrative.

Classes, properties and dataproperties

This section provides details for each class and property defined by Ontology of Narratives of the Middle Ages:

Classes

Actant Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#ActantRole

Actants are elements that perform or are subjected to an action.

has super-classes
Semantic Role c
has sub-classes
Causer Role c, Participator Role c, Undergoer Role c

Actionc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Action

Abstract concepts of actions from the class "Verb" are created as a separate node for each Narrative, which belongs to the class "Action".

has super-classes
concept, e28 conceptual object
is in domain of
has REALonline scenary graph node dp, has verb op
is in range of
has action op

Actorc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Actor

The class "Actor" denotes protagonists who become active in a narrative and comprises persons, groups, animals and mythical beings.

has super-classes
Persistent Item c
has sub-classes
Animal c, Group c, MythicalBeing c, Person c
is in range of
has actor op

Agent Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#AgentRole

An Agent is the usually animated participant who deliberately causes the situation described by the verbal predicate.

"Traditionally, the Agent is characterized as the typically animated participant who deliberately brings about the situation described by the verbal predicate." (Primus, Beatrice. 2012. Semantische Rollen. Kurze Einführungen in die germanistische Linguistik 12. Heidelberg: 16-17 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

"An agent is usually the grammatical subject of the verb in an active clause. A prototypical agent is conscious, acts with volition (on purpose), and performs an action that has a physical, visible effect." (https://glossary.sil.org/term/agent-semantic-role 18.07.2019)

"Agent – The ‘doer’, or instigator of the action denoted by the predicate." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 94)

has super-classes
Causer Role c

Animalc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Animal

Refers to an animal as a protagonist of a Narrative.

has super-classes
Actor c

Benefactive Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#BenefactiveRole

Benefactive is the semantic role of a referent which is advantaged or disadvantaged by an event.

"A beneficiary is the semantic role of a referent which is advantaged or disadvantaged by an event." (https://glossary.sil.org/term/beneficiary-semantic-role 18.07.2019)

"Benefactive – The entity that benefits from the action or event denoted by the predicate." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 94)

has super-classes
Participator Role c

Causer Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#CauserRole

Causer is the semantic role of a person or thing who is the doer or the instigator of an event.
has super-classes
Actant Role c
has sub-classes
Agent Role c, Co-Agent Role c, Stimulus Role c

Co-Agent Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Co-AgentRole

Denotes a Co- or Re-Agent in verbs that describe actions that are in the relation of action and reaction to each other.

"Co-Agent: [...] Co- or Re-Agent in verbs that describe actions that are in the relation of action and reaction to each other (meet someone, follow someone, obey someone, imitate someone, allow someone to do something, help someone." (Wegener, Heide. 1985. Der Dativ im heutigen Deutsch. Tübingen: 261, quoted in Primus, Beatrice. 2012. Semantische Rollen. Kurze Einführungen in die germanistische Linguistik 12. Heidelberg: 56 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

has super-classes
Causer Role c

Collectionc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Collection

Identifies the textual or pictorial context from which the Narrative originates.

has super-classes
e28 conceptual object
is in domain of
first in collection op, has MHDBDB sigil dp, has Mhdbdb Sigil URL dp
is in range of
part of collection op

Conceptc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Concept

A concept is the definition of a narrative as an abstraction without a concrete reference to a realisation. It can serve as a cross-linking instance between different realisations.

has super-classes
Narrative c
is in domain of
broader op, broader transitive op, has supplementary concept op, is realised as supplementary narrative by op, is realised by op, narrower op, narrower transitive op
is in range of
broader op, broader transitive op, has supplementary concept op, narrower op, narrower transitive op, realises op, realises as supplementary narrative op
is disjoint with
Realisation c

Entity Functionc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#EntityFunction

Denotes a function of an Actor or Thing in a Narrative (for example hero, ruler, villain, trophy, talisman...).

has super-classes
concept, e28 conceptual object
is in range of
has Entity Function op, has general entity function op, has temporary entity function op

Experiencer Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#ExperiencerRole

An Experiencer is an animate entity that experiences a sensory perception or mental state designated by the predicate.

has super-classes
Participator Role c

Goal Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#GoalRole

Goal – The location or entity in the direction of which something moves.

"Goal is the semantic role of the: place to which something moves; thing toward which an action is directed." (https://glossary.sil.org/term/goal-semantic-role 18.07.19)

"Goal – The location or entity in the direction of which something moves." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 94)

has super-classes
Localisation Role c

Groupc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Group

Denotes a group of individuals who are involved in a Narrative.

"This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of two or more people that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country." (http://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/5.0.4/cidoc-crm.html#E74 18.07.19)

has super-classes
Actor c

Instrument Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#InstrumentRole

Instrument – The medium by which the action or event denoted by the predicate is carried out.

Paris kills Achill with the arrow.

"The instrument is the semantic role for a normally inanimate entity which, together with a controlling causer (agent), causes the situation described by the predicate or its result." (Primus, Beatrice. 2012. Semantische Rollen. Kurze Einführungen in die germanistische Linguistik 12. Heidelberg: 72)

"Instrumental – means or tools (with what?, by what?)." (Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich: 784 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

"Instrument – The medium by which the action or event denoted by the predicate is carried out." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 95)

has super-classes
Semantic Role c

Localisation Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#LocalisationRole

Local Adverbial; Adverbial of Place.

Local Adverbial: place (where?) – direction, way, destination (where?) – origin (where from?) – spatial extent (how far?). (cf. Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich: 783 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

has super-classes
Semantic Role c
has sub-classes
Goal Role c, Place Role c, Source Role c

Mode Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#ModeRole

Modal Adverbial; Adverbial of manner

Modal Adverbial: procedure (how?) – degree, measure, intensity (how much?) – material quality (from what?). (cf. Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich: 784 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

has super-classes
Semantic Role c

MythicalBeingc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#MythicalBeing

Denotes a mythical being or a deity that is involved in a Narrative.

has super-classes
Actor c

Narrativec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Narrative

A Narrative is an activity, an event, a change of state. Every Narrative is based on an Action. The Verb specifies which semantic roles are filled by Actors, Things, Places and Temporal Entities. Narratives are usually linked to other Narratives and are themselves part of a larger Narrative.

"For me, as soon as there is even a single action or event, there is a story, because then there is already a change, a transition from before to after." (Genette, Gerard. 2010. Die Erzählung. Übersetzt von Andreas Knop. 3. Aufl. Paderborn: 183 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

"one will define narrative […] as the representation of an event or sequence of events" (Genette, Gerard. 1987. Narrative Discourse. An Essay in Method. Translated by Jane E. Lewin. 4th. ed. Ithaca, NY: 127)

has super-classes
concept, e28 conceptual object
has sub-classes
Concept c, Realisation c
is in domain of
has action op, has semantic role op
is in range of
has narrative op
is disjoint with
Semantic Role c

Participator Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#ParticipatorRole

The class includes typically animate entities which participate in the event but have no control or initiative associated it.

Cf. on the hierarchy of semantic roles: (Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich: 391).

has super-classes
Actant Role c
has sub-classes
Benefactive Role c, Experiencer Role c, Possessor Role c, Recipient Role c, Witness Role c

Patient Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#PatientRole

Patient – The living entity affected by an event or action and not exercising control over the event; the object or matter affected.

"Patient is the semantic role of a participant who is physically manifestly affected in the event described by the predicate and whose state changes physically. The basic concepts that characterize a patient are therefore physical affectedness (also known as affectation) and change of state." (Primus, Beatrice. 2012. Semantische Rollen. Kurze Einführungen in die germanistische Linguistik 12. Heidelberg: 31-32 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

"Group 3: Patient (affected object or person who does not exercise control over the event/action); matter affected." (Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich: 391 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

"Patient – The ‘undergoer’ of the action or event denoted by the predicate." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 94)

has super-classes
Undergoer Role c

Persistent Itemc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#PersistentItem

This class includes living beings, objects and intellectual products which have a persistent identity.

"Persistent items have a persistent identity. They are sometimes known as 'endurants' in philosophy. They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names." (http://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/5.0.4/cidoc-crm.html#E77 18.07.19)

has sub-classes
Actor c, Thing c
is in domain of
has general entity function op
is disjoint with
Place c, Semantic Role c, Time Span c, Place c, Temporal Entity c, Time Span c

Personc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Person

Denotes a person who is involved in a Narrative.

"This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class." (http://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/5.0.4/cidoc-crm.html#E21 18.07.19)

has super-classes
Actor c

Placec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Place

Describes extensions in space that are usually immobile (for example castle, garden, valley...).

is in range of
has place op
is disjoint with
Persistent Item c, Time Span c, Persistent Item c, Temporal Entity c, Time Span c

Place Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#PlaceRole

Locative – The specification of the place where the action or event denoted by the predicate is situated.

"Locative – The specification of the place where the action or event denoted by the predicate is situated." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 95)

has super-classes
Localisation Role c

Possessor Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#PossessorRole

Possessor is the semantic role of an entity that possesses something.

has super-classes
Participator Role c

Predicative Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#PredicativeRole

Like the predicate, the predicative makes a statement about one or more other phrases. A predicative never has a finite verb as its core, at most an adjectivally used participle. A predicative can be an addition to a verb that is largely empty of content. The copula verbs are to be, to become, and to remain.

The princes elect Frederick as king. – "as king": predicative.

(cf. Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich:787–788 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

has super-classes
Semantic Role c

Realisationc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Realisation

Realisations are concrete implementations of narrative Concepts in a specific medium, such as a text or an image.

has super-classes
Narrative c
has sub-classes
Textual Realisation c, Visual Realisation c
is in domain of
next op, next fabula op, next syuzhet op, occurs simultaneously op, part of collection op, previous op, previous fabula op, previous syuzhet op, realises op, realises as supplementary narrative op
is in range of
first in collection op, is realised as supplementary narrative by op, is realised by op, next op, next fabula op, next syuzhet op, occurs simultaneously op, previous op, previous fabula op, previous syuzhet op
is disjoint with
Concept c

Recipient Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#RecipientRole

The recipient of an entity or information in verbs that denote the transfer of an object of possession or information.

"The recipient in the narrower sense is the recipient of an entity or information in verbs that denote the transfer of an object of possession or information." (Primus, Beatrice. 2012. Semantische Rollen. Kurze Einführungen in die germanistische Linguistik 12. Heidelberg: 44 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

has super-classes
Participator Role c

Semantic Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#SemanticRole

Contains the information of a Semantic Role associated with the Narrative.

has super-classes
concept, e28 conceptual object
has sub-classes
Actant Role c, Instrument Role c, Localisation Role c, Mode Role c, Predicative Role c, Temporality Role c
is in domain of
has REALonline scenary graph node dp, has actor op, has narrative op, has place op, has temporal entity op, has temporary entity function op, has thing op
is in range of
has semantic role op
is disjoint with
Narrative c, Persistent Item c

Source Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#SourceRole

Source – The location or entity from which something moves.

"Source – The location or entity from which something moves." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 95)

has super-classes
Localisation Role c

Stimulus Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#StimulusRole

A stimulus is the often inanimate trigger that causes the situation described by the verbal predicate. In combination with the Experiencer Role, Stimulus refers to the source or the object of a mental state.

"[T]he object of a mental state [...]. Every object of a mental state presupposes a state carrier (Experiencer)." (Primus, Beatrice. 2012. Semantische Rollen. Kurze Einführungen in die germanistische Linguistik 12. Heidelberg, 39 [Translation: ONAMA Project])

has super-classes
Causer Role c

Temporal Entityc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#TemporalEntity

This class comprises all phenomena, such as periods, events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time; it is disjoint from Persistent Item.

"This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time.In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item." (http://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/5.0.4/cidoc-crm.html#E2 18.07.19)

is in range of
has temporal entity op
is disjoint with
Persistent Item c, Place c, Time Span c

Temporality Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#TemporalityRole

Indicates the period or time of an event.

"Specifies a period in time, point in time, or the like, that an action or an event covers. Temporal adverbial; adverbial of time." (Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich: 784 [Translation: ONAMA Project]).

has super-classes
Semantic Role c

Text Passagec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#TextPassage

Denotes a section from a text; for instance in the Middle High German Conceptual Database (MHDBDB).

has super-classes
e54 dimension
is in domain of
from token dp, to token dp
is in range of
has text passage op

Textual Realisationc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#TextualRealisation

Denotes the concrete implementation of a Concept in a text.

has super-classes
Realisation c
is in domain of
has text passage op
is disjoint with
Visual Realisation c

Theme Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#ThemeRole

Theme – The entity that is spatially moved or whose spatial position is indicated by the event (or state) designated in the predicate.

Jason brings the Golden Fleece (Theme) to Jolcos, Saint John (Theme) is on the island of Patmos, Saint Anthony (Theme) lives in the desert.

"Theme – The entity that is moved by the action or event denoted by the predicate." (Aarts, Bas. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. Modern linguistics series. Basingstoke: 94).

In phrases with relocation verbs and position verbs: the entity whose spatial position is indicated. (cf. Primus, Beatrice. 2012. Semantische Rollen. Kurze Einführungen in die germanistische Linguistik 12. Heidelberg: 63-72, there under the term Lokatum [Translation: ONAMA Project])

has super-classes
Undergoer Role c

Thingc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Thing

This class comprises intellectual products or physical things.

"This general class comprises usable discrete, identifiable, instances documented as single units. They can be either intellectual products or physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance either have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concept or structure." (http://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/5.0.4/cidoc-crm.html#E70 18.07.19)

has super-classes
Persistent Item c
is in range of
has thing op

Time Spanc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#TimeSpan

This class comprises abstract temporal extents having a beginning, an end and a duration.

"This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration. Time Span has no other semantic connotations. Time-Spans are used to define the temporal extent of instances of E4 Period, E5 Event and any other phenomena valid for a certain time. An E52 Time-Span may be identified by one or more instances of E49 Time Appellation. Since our knowledge of history is imperfect, instances of E52 Time-Span can best be considered as approximations of the actual Time-Spans of temporal entities. The properties of E52 Time-Span are intended to allow these approximations to be expressed precisely. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. Used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it would nevertheless define them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else was known." (http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E52_Time-Span 18.07.19)

is disjoint with
Persistent Item c, Place c, Persistent Item c, Place c, Temporal Entity c

Undergoer Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#UndergoerRole

Die von der im Prädikat benannten Handlung "betroffene" Entität.

Vgl. zur Hierarchie der semantischen Rollen: (Eisenberg, Peter, Jörg Peters, Peter Gallmann, Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Damaris Nübling, Irmhild Bartz, Thomas A. Fritz, and Reinhard Fiehler. 2009. Die Grammatik: Unentbehrlich für richtiges Deutsch. 8. Aufl. Der Duden in zwölf Bänden 4. Mannheim, Zürich: 391).

has super-classes
Actant Role c
has sub-classes
Patient Role c, Theme Role c

Verbc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#Verb

The class "Verb" includes actions that allow the assignment of Semantic Roles.

has super-classes
concept, e28 conceptual object
is in range of
has verb op

Visual Realisationc

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#VisualRealisation

Refers to the concrete implementation of a Concept in an image.

has super-classes
Realisation c
is in domain of
depicted in dp, has Realonline Work URL dp
is disjoint with
Textual Realisation c

Witness Rolec

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#WitnessRole

Witness – The animate entity that witnesses the action or event denoted by the predicate.

has super-classes
Participator Role c

Object Properties

broaderop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#broader

The property "broader" relates a narrative Concept to the immediately superordinate Concept, indicating that a narrative is part of another narrative.

This property is equivalent to skos:broadMatch, which is used to specify a hierarchical mapping connection between two concepts. (https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-skos-reference-20090818/#mapping 18.07.19).

has super-properties
broader transitive op
has domain
Concept c
has range
Concept c
is inverse of
narrower op

broader transitiveop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#broaderTransitive

This property relates a narrative Concept to all the hierarchically superordinated narrative Concepts.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
is related to op
has sub-properties
broader op
has domain
Concept c
has range
Concept c
is inverse of
narrower transitive op

first in collectionop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#firstInCollection

This property relates a Collection with the first Narrative (Realisation) in the Collection.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Collection c
has range
Realisation c

has actionop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasAction

This property relates a Narrative to the Action taking place in the Narrative.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Narrative c
has range
Action c

has actorop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasActor

This property relates a Semantic Role to the Actor who holds this role.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Semantic Role c
has range
Actor c

has Entity Functionop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasEntityFunction

This property relates an Actor or a Thing to an Entity Function. Please use one of the two subproperties.

has super-properties
top object property
has sub-properties
has general entity function op, has temporary entity function op
has range
Entity Function c

has general entity functionop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasGeneralEntityFunction

This property relates an Actor or a Thing to a generally applicable Entity Function.

has super-properties
has Entity Function op
has domain
Persistent Item c
has range
Entity Function c

has GND equivalentop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasGNDEquivalent

This property/entity has a GND equivalent.

has super-properties
same as op

has IconClass equivalentop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasIconClassEquivalent

This property relates an entity with its IconClass equivalent.

has super-properties
same as op

has narrativeop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasNarrative

This property relates a Semantic Role to a Narrative.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Semantic Role c
has range
Narrative c

has placeop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasPlace

This property connects a Semantic Role, usually of the "localisation" type, with a place indication.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Semantic Role c
has range
Place c

has related IconClass entryop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasRelatedIconClassEntry

has super-properties
close match dp
has domain
Narrative c or Persistent Item c
is also defined as
data property

has related WikiData entryop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasRelatedWikiDataEntry

has super-properties
close match dp
is also defined as
data property

has semantic roleop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasSemanticRole

Basic relation between a narrative and its particular components.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Narrative c
has range
Semantic Role c

has supplementary conceptop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasSupplementaryConcept

This property relates a narrative Concept to a supplementary narrative Concept. A supplementary Concept is a Narrative, which is presented in addition to the respective "main action".

has super-properties
is related to op
has domain
Concept c
has range
Concept c

has temporal entityop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasTemporalEntity

This property relates a Semantic Role to a Temporal Entity that holds this role.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Semantic Role c
has range
Temporal Entity c

has temporary entity functionop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasTemporaryEntityFunction

This property relates a node of type "Semantic Role" to an Entity Function. The function thus applies temporarily – for the Narrative – to the Actor or Thing that holds the role.

has super-properties
has Entity Function op
has domain
Semantic Role c
has range
Entity Function c

has text passageop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasTextPassage

This property relates a Narrative realised in a text to the specific section of text that describes the Narrative in the MHDBDB.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Textual Realisation c
has range
Text Passage c

has thingop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasThing

This property relates a semantic role to an intellectual product or physical thing that holds this role.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Semantic Role c
has range
Thing c

has verbop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasVerb

This property relates an Action with the corresponding Verb.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Action c
has range
Verb c

has WikiData equivalentop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasWikiDataEquivalent

This property relates an entity with its WikiData equivalent.

has super-properties
same as op

is realised as supplementary narrative byop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#isRealisedAsSupplementaryNarrativeBy

This property relates those Concepts that are supplementary to a "main plot" to their Realisations.

Supplementary Concepts, which are presented in addition to the respective "main action", are connected with their Realisations via the properties "is realised as supplementary narrative by" and inversely "realises as supplementary narrative".

has super-properties
is realised by op
has domain
Concept c
has range
Realisation c
is inverse of
realises as supplementary narrative op

is realised byop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#isRealisedBy

The Narrative is realized through a specific work of literature or the visual arts; the property "is realised by" relates the Concept of a Narrative to its Realisation.

has super-properties
top object property
has sub-properties
is realised as supplementary narrative by op
has domain
Concept c
has range
Realisation c
is inverse of
realises op

is related toop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#isRelatedTo

The basic property to state a relation between two Narratives.

has super-properties
top object property
has sub-properties
broader transitive op, has supplementary concept op, narrower transitive op, next op, occurs simultaneously op, previous op

narrowerop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#narrower

This property relates one narrative Concept to another narrative Concept that can be considered part of the first.

This property is equivalent to skos:narrowMatch, which is used to indicate a hierarchical mapping connection between two Concepts. (https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-skos-reference-20090818/#mapping 18.07.19)

has super-properties
narrower transitive op
has domain
Concept c
has range
Concept c
is inverse of
broader op

narrower transitiveop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#narrowerTransitive

This property points from one narrative Concept to all subordinate narrative Concepts.

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
is related to op
has sub-properties
narrower op
has domain
Concept c
has range
Concept c
is inverse of
broader transitive op

next fabulaop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#nextFabula

On the level of Realisation, this property points from one Narrative to the next Narrative on the fabula path.

has super-properties
next op
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Realisation c
is inverse of
previous fabula op

next syuzhetop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#nextSyuzhet

On the level of Realisation, this property points from one Narrative to the next Narrative on the syuzhet path.

has super-properties
next op
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Realisation c
is inverse of
previous syuzhet op

occurs simultaneouslyop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#occursSimultaneously

On the level of Realisation, this property relates one Narrative to another Narrative that takes place simultaneously.

has super-properties
is related to op
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Realisation c

part of collectionop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#partOfCollection

This property points from a narrative Realisation to the Collection from which the Narrative originates.

has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Collection c

previous fabulaop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#previousFabula

On the level of realisation, this property points from one Narrative to the previous Narrative on the fabula path.

has super-properties
previous op
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Realisation c
is inverse of
next fabula op

previous syuzhetop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#previousSyuzhet

On the level of Realisation, this property points from one Narrative to the prevoious Narrative on the syuzhet path.

has super-properties
previous op
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Realisation c
is inverse of
next syuzhet op

realisesop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#realises

This property relates the Realisation of a Narrative with the Concept of that narrative.

has super-properties
top object property
has sub-properties
realises as supplementary narrative op
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Concept c
is inverse of
is realised by op

realises as supplementary narrativeop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#realisesAsSupplementaryNarrative

This property relates narrative Realisations that are supplementary to a "main plot" to their respective Concepts.

Supplementary Concepts, which are presented in addition to the respective "main action", are connected with their Realisations via the properties "is realised as supplementary narrative by" and inversely "realises as supplementary narrative".

has super-properties
realises op
has domain
Realisation c
has range
Concept c
is inverse of
is realised as supplementary narrative by op

Data Properties

close matchdp

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#closeMatch

has super-properties
top data property
has sub-properties
has related IconClass entry op, has related WikiData entry op

depicted indp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#depictedIn

This property relates a Visual Realisation to the image object on which it is displayed, e.g. in REALonline.

has super-properties
top data property
has domain
Visual Realisation c
has range
any u r i

from tokendp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#fromToken

This property points from a Text Passage to the first token of this group.

has super-properties
top data property
has domain
Text Passage c
has range
string

has MHDBDB sigildp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasSigil

This property relates a Collection to a sigil in the MHDBDB.

has super-properties
top data property
has domain
Collection c
has range
string

has Mhdbdb Sigil URLdp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasMhdbdbSigilURL

Reference to the URL of a MHDBDB sigil.

has super-properties
has Url dp
has domain
Collection c
has range
any u r i

has REALonline scenary graph nodedp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasSceneNode

Reference to a node of a REALonline scene graph.

has super-properties
top data property
has domain
Action c
Semantic Role c
has range
any u r i

has Realonline Work URLdp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasRoWorkURL

Reference to a REALonline work URL.

has super-properties
has Url dp
has domain
Visual Realisation c
has range
any u r i

has related IconClass entryop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasRelatedIconClassEntry

has range
any u r i
is also defined as
object property

has related WikiData entryop

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasRelatedWikiDataEntry

has range
any u r i
is also defined as
object property

has Urldp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#hasUrl

Reference to an URL.

has super-properties
top data property
has sub-properties
has Mhdbdb Sigil URL dp, has Realonline Work URL dp

to tokendp

IRI: http://onama.sbg.ac.at/ontology#toToken

This property points from a Text Passage to the last token of this group.

has super-properties
top data property
has domain
Text Passage c
has range
string

Legend

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals

References

  • Hinkelmanns, Peter; Landkammer, Miriam; Nicka, Isabella; Schwembacher, Manuel; Zeppezauer-Wachauer, Katharina (2020): Erzählerische Spielräume. Medienübergreifende Erforschung von Narrativen im Mittelalter mit ONAMA. In Christof Schöch, Digital Humanities im deutschsprachigen Raum (Eds.): DHd 2020 Spielräume. Digital Humanities zwischen Modellierung und Interpretation. Jahrestagung des Verbands Digital Humanities im deutschsprachigen Raum. Konferenzabstracts. Universität Paderborn, 02.03.2020-06.03.2020. Paderborn: Zenodo; Universität Paderborn, pp. 131–135. Available online at https://zenodo.org/record/3666690#.X3Hme2gzat-.
  • Hinkelmanns, Peter; Schwembacher, Manuel (2020): ONAMA. Ontology Of Narratives Of The Middle Ages. dha go!es digital Day 2020. [Online], 9/25/2020. Available online at https://zenodo.org/record/4048035#.X3HqXmgzat8.
  • Hinkelmanns, Peter; Landkammer, Miriam; Nicka, Isabella; Schwembacher, Manuel; Zeppezauer-Wachauer, Katharina (in press): Beyond the Plot. Der Vergleich mittelalterlicher Narrative im Semantic Web mit ONAMA. In Vienna Doctoral Academy „Medieval Academy“ (Ed.): Narrare – producere – ordinare. New Approaches to the Middle Ages. Wien (Vienna Philological and Cultural Studies, 1).
  • Hinkelmanns, Peter; Landkammer, Miriam; Nicka, Isabella; Schwembacher, Manuel; Zeppezauer-Wachauer, Katharina (2021 [in preparation]): Needful Things. Die Relationen der Dinge in einer Ontologie mittelalterlicher Narrative. In MEMO - Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture Online (7). Available online at https://memo.imareal.sbg.ac.at/.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.